Post an explanation of a threat to internal validity and a threat to external validity in quantitative research

Post an explanation of a threat to internal validity and a threat to external validity in quantitative research. Next, explain a strategy to mitigate each of these threats. Then, identify a potential ethical issue in quantitative research and explain how it might influence design decisions. Finally, explain what it means for a research topic to be amenable to scientific study using a quantitative approach.

In the context of research design, two types of validity, which speak to the quality of different features of the research process, are considered: internal validity and external validity. Assuming that the findings of a research study are internally valid—i.e., the researcher has used controls to determine that the outcome is indeed due to manipulation of the independent variable or the treatment—external validity refers to the extent to which the findings can be generalized from the sample to the population or to other settings and groups. Reliability refers to the replicability of the findings.

For this Discussion, you will consider threats to internal and external validity in quantitative research and the strategies used to mitigate these threats. You will also consider the ethical implications of designing quantitative research.

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With these thoughts in mind:

Post an explanation of a threat to internal validity and a threat to external validity in quantitative research. Next, explain a strategy to mitigate each of these threats. Then, identify a potential ethical issue in quantitative research and explain how it might influence design decisions. Finally, explain what it means for a research topic to be amenable to scientific study using a quantitative approach.

Be sure to support your Main Issue Post and Response Post with reference to the week’s Learning Resources and other scholarly evidence in APA Style.

Weekly Resources:

Babbie, E. (2017) Basics of social research (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

  • Chapter      3, “The Ethics and Politics of Social Research”

Burkholder, G. J., Cox, K. A., & Crawford, L. M. (2016). The scholar-practitioner’s guide to research design. Baltimore, MD: Laureate Publishing.

· Chapter 7, “Quality Considerations”

Required Media:

Gjellstad, L. (nd). IRB Form for Ethics Review at Walden [online tutorial]. Retrieved from https://crq.adobeconnect.com/pz08vcneze53

Price, S. (2015). Annotated bibliographies [Online webinar]. Retrieved from https://waldencss.adobeconnect.com/p7d6uqxv8g3?launcher=false&fcsContent=true&pbMode=normal

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Discussion: Designing Quantitative Research

Researchers consider validity and reliability with each new study they design. This is because
validity and reliability are not fixed but rather reflect a particular study’s unique variables,
research design, instruments, and participants.
In the context of research design, two types of validity, which speak to the quality of different
features of the research process, are considered: internal validity and external validity. Assuming
that the findings of a research study are internally valid—i.e., the researcher has used controls to
determine that the outcome is indeed due to manipulation of the independent variable or the
treatment—external validity refers to the extent to which the findings can be generalized from
the sample to the population or to other settings and groups. Reliability refers to the replicability
of the findings.
For this Discussion, you will consider threats to internal and external validity in quantitative
research and the strategies used to mitigate these threats. You will also consider the ethical
implications of designing quantitative research.
With these thoughts in mind:
By Day 4
Post an explanation of a threat to internal validity and a threat to external validity in quantitative
research. Next, explain a strategy to mitigate each of these threats. Then, identify a potential
ethical issue in quantitative research and explain how it might influence design decisions.
Finally, explain what it means for a research topic to be amenable to scientific study using a
quantitative approach.
Explain threats to internal validity and external validity in quantitative research
Explain strategies to mitigate threats to internal validity and external validity in quantitative
research
Identify ethical issues in quantitative research
Explain how ethical issues influence design decisions in quantitative research
Explain criteria for a research topic to be amenable to scientific study using a quantitative
approach

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Apply strategies for addressing ethical issues in quantitative research
Internal validity is an observed effect(s) of an independent variable and dependent variable that
are real and not caused (causation) by inessential factors. Threats to internal validity are
inessential factors or effects (aforementioned) that allow for substitute explanations effectual of
the dependent variable. Some examples of these threats include history, maturation, regression,
attrition, testing, instrumentation, and interactive/additive influences.
1. History – occurs in the study (before/after) that could influence the dependent variable
and results.
2. Maturation – involves time lapse that give rise to natural causes within the study that
impacts the effectual outcome.
3. Regression – According to Shadish, Cook, & Campbell (2002) “participants who are at
extreme ends of the measure (score higher or lower than average) are likely to “regress”
toward the mean (scores get lower or higher, respectively) on other measures or retest on
same measure.”
4. Attrition –A reduction in sample size(s), due to loss of population, produces an
unspecified result.
5. Testing – this can happen when prior knowledge of test questions, procedures influences
the results.
6. Instrumentation – transpires from poorly designed questions, inaccurate measurements,
and not standardized procedures.
7. Interactive/Additive influences – single threats which interact with one another that gives
rise to a multiple threat and the additive effect.
External validity is the result from research that can be grouped as well as abridging their
settings outside the perimeters of the experiment. Some examples include the treatment of
history, selection, and setting or environment,
1. History – occurs in the study (before/after) that could influence the dependent variable
and results.
2. Selection – this process is focuses on the researcher’s facilitation of the results from the
study and the larger population.
3. Setting/environment – encompasses environmental conditions and the inability to be
transferred to other elements within the study.
Quantitative research design can cause ethical issues; issues such as consent, questionnaire
design, prevention of harm to participants, and risks. Regulations guide and determine how or IF
questions by the IRB. A research topic is considered to be amenable to scientific study through
the use of a quantitative approach by meeting two criterions of hypothesis: must be false-able
(logical assertions) and testable (empirical evidence).
References
Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental
designs for generalized causal inference. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.
Post an explanation of two criteria for evaluating the quality of qualitative research designs.
Next, explain how these criteria are tied to epistemological and ontological assumptions
underlying philosophical orientations and the standards of your discipline.
Criteria that could be used for evaluating the quality of qualitative research designs includes
evaluating whether the researchers incorporated the use of participant observers, which has been
proven to lessen the probability of data being erroneously reported on the research subjects. In
addition, another criteria that has proven to be effective is whether the researcher has free access
to the full range of activities being conducted by research subjects to ensure that the entire
phenomenon can be observed in its entirety. In regard to epistemology, which is concerned about
how reality can be understood, it’s imperative to be able to observe any realistic environment and
to establish the required quality for any research design involving qualitative research, the
researcher needs to have full access to the environment and participants. This is why it is
important for the discipline as it increases the ability to ensure the quality of research results as
the researcher can rely upon their unfettered access to research subjects.
http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1299/3163
Then, identify a potential ethical issue in qualitative research and explain how it might influence
design decisions.
There are many ethical issues in qualitative research including the ability for researchers to
become overly ingested into the fabric of the environment wherein they resort to using covert
methods to acquire data, which is potentially unethical and has enhances the probability that the
data will not meet rigorous reliability and validity ethical standards. Some ethicists have
suggested that using interviews is also potentially unethical because it has the propensity to allow
research subjects to be manipulated by researchers, which can negatively impact the research
study.

 

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http://www.aect.org/edtech/ed1/40/40-06.html
Finally, explain what it means for a research topic to be amenable to scientific study using a
qualitative approach.
The research topic in a qualitative research study is amenable if it is capable of enhancing
knowledge on a previously unknown phenomenon wherein researchers seek to use qualitative
research techniques to allow research subjects to guide the research. Therefore, researchers must
ensure that the research topic is capable of allowing interviews, observations, and other
qualitative techniques to be utilized to guide and drive the research through the eyes and
experiences of research subjects.
Assignment: Annotation of a Quantitative Research Article
Submit: Annotation of a Quantitative Research Article

This week, you will submit the annotation of a quantitative research article on a topic of your
interest.
An annotation consists of three separate paragraphs that cover three respective components:
summary, analysis, and application. These three components convey the relevance and value of
the source. As such, an annotation demonstrates your critical thinking about, and authority on,
the source. This week’s annotation is a precursor to the annotated bibliography assignment due in
Week 10.
An annotated bibliography is a document containing selected sources accompanied by a
respective annotation of each source. In preparation for your own future research, an annotated
bibliography provides a background for understanding a portion of the existing literature on a
particular topic. It is also a useful first step in gathering sources in preparation for writing a
subsequent literature review as part of a dissertation.
Please review the assignment instructions below and click on the underlined works for
information about how to craft each component of an annotation.
It is recommended that you use the grading rubric as a self-evaluation tool before submitting
your assignment.
By Day 7
 Annotate one quantitative research article from a peer-reviewed journal on a topic of your
interest.
o Provide the reference list entry for this article in APA Style followed by a threeparagraph annotation that includes:
A summary
An analysis
An application as illustrated in this example
o Format your annotation in Times New Roman, 12-point font, double-spaced. A
separate References list page is not needed for this assignment.
o Submit your annotation.
Submission and Grading Information
To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:
Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK6Assgn+last name+first
initial.(extension)” as the name.

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Rubric
Paper provides an excellent overview of all important information from the source, including the
topic of the source, the methods they employed, the theoretical or conceptual basis of the study,
and the conclusions.
Paper provides a thorough and dispassionate critique or analysis of the source, addressing both
its good and bad qualities. The critique addresses how aligned the research question is to the
existing body of knowledge, the appropriateness of the theoretical or conceptual framework to
the study, the sufficiency of the methods and design, and the generalizability/transferability of
the results in other contexts. The paper also provides a critical analysis of the social change
implications of the study’s findings
Paper provides a clear justification for how the source is applicable to one’s research
question/research interests. The paper addresses the extent to which the source’s topic is similar
to one’s research interests, how the source’s method is applicable to one’s research, and how the
source helps to guide one’s own research. Overall, the application of this source to one’s research
is very clear.
Paper is well organized, uses scholarly tone, follows APA Style, uses original writing and proper
paraphrasing, contains very few or no writing and/or spelling errors, and is fully consistent with
graduate-level writing style. Paper contains multiple, appropriate, and exemplary sources
expected/required for the assignment.
References
AKTAN, M., & AKTAŞ, A. (2015). LEGAL PROTECTION AGAINST A PSYCHOLOGICAL
HARRASMENT “MOBBING” in WORK PLACE. Proceedings Of The Multidisciplinary
Academic Conference, 1-8
Qureshi, M. I., Iftikhar, M., Janjua, S. Y., Zaman, K., Raja, U. M., & Javed, Y. (2015). Empirical
investigation of mobbing, stress and employees’ behavior at work place: Quantitatively refining a
qualitative model. Quality and Quantity, 49(1), 93-113. Retrieved from:
http://dx.doi.org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1007/s11135-013-9976-4

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