This article discusses Models in Criminal Justice Research.
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Models in Criminal Justice Research
The Crime Control Model
The crime control and due process models are mainly involved in challenging crime and issuing the right justice. Herbert Packer is regarded as the founding father of research models in crime processes. He contributed significantly to developing systematic thought on the administration of criminal justice in society. Crime control entails ensuring that there is no violence and unrest and condemns any person who is found to have committed a crime that is termed as criminal (Ellis, & Nash, 2012). In the crime control model, the focus is placed on the legislature instead of courts to provide criminal sanctions. Such sanctions offer a definite guarantee of public order and social stability. According to Parker, crime control would be successful with efficient police investigations and prosecutions. The crime control model is concerned with early, administrative fact-finding initiatives where police have broad investigative powers to arrest suspects for questioning. Therefore, this model provides a practical approach for police and prosecutors to screen suspect to face trial in courts.
The Due Process Models
Due process ensures individuals have their rights, while crime control ensures that criminals are brought to justice for crimes they commit. However, it becomes challenging to bring an individual to justice because of the due process model. This is because criminal agencies still need to uphold an individual’s rights, even if they are being charged with committing a crime (Ellis, & Nash, 2012). Hence, rights such as the right to bail where the individual can be released from police custody tend to affect the process of bringing the criminal to justice. The due process usually tends to reject or discard the notions of the crime control model. The crime control model usually deals with understanding what occurred during a crime so that the perpetrator can be convicted. Still, the due process tends to swing in favor of the perpetrator, stating that the crime victim may have given inaccurate data. Also, policies such as a search warrant are usually needed before criminal agencies can search the criminal.
Criminal Justice Ethics
Ethics is the study and investigation of what realizes terrible or great behavior in a workplace, group, or state. It can likewise mean a system of good values that separate guidelines for conduct, taking into account an individual’s or gatherings’ thoughts of what is alluring or not. Criminal justice ethics is the study of morals as it is applied in the territory of law implementation commissions and authorities (Cowburn, Gelsthorpe, & Wahidin, 2016). A glance at the justice ethics states another meaning of right and wrong may change as time goes. What individuals might be considered morally right or wrong can be not quite the same as what is legitimately viewed as good or evil. Usually, a continued study on morals is required of implementation organizations. This specific study examines morals in justice frameworks and how it influences the outcomes they expect to get.
An example of criminal justice ethics involves CCTV policies and procedures. Metropolitan Police Department (MPD) in Washington DC utilizes administrative strategies set through policies to evert mishandling. It expresses that to guarantee the viability of the CCTV framework and secure against potential misuse, they have built up a far-reaching General Order that sets up strategies and methods to utilize this framework (Aviram, 2019). In crisis cases, the Chief of Police can retrieve CCTV footage.
Informed Consent and Confidentiality
Informed consent implies the approval of a proposed action by the recipient of a person affected by the action’s effects. Typically, informed consent is a legal requirement in many fields. The essence of obtaining informed consent is to show that the person’s participation in activities is voluntary and not compelled. Informed consent is used to reduce the liability of parties for the actions they take. Informed consent is integral to the work of human service workers. In California, informed consent requirements are based on Cal. 3d 229 (Jones, 2012). In the human service providers context, the law requires full disclosure of the information to the patients or clients. This enables them to make a correct judgment on the treatment option that they would like.
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Maintaining respondent confidentiality is one of the major ethical issues in criminal justice research, which has continuously presented a challenge for qualitative researchers (Rhodes, 2010). Presentation of some rich and detailed individual accounts on social life aspects while researching has created ambiguity in social research because different disciplines and bodies have various opinions and approaches towards maintaining confidentiality and anonymity.
In research ethics, anonymity and privacy are mostly used interchangeably. Anonymity means that research participants or respondents cannot be identified or known by any person, with the researchers included. Some research phenomena call for strictness in maintaining anonymity, and therefore, any action by the researchers that breaches the participants’ anonymity is considered unethical (Jones, 2012). As used in research ethics, confidentiality means that researchers can know or identify respondents or participants, but the access to this information should not go beyond the researcher. The participants trust the researchers with their information, which they cannot disclose without the participants’ permission. The anonymity and confidentiality issues closely connect with another ethical research issue in beneficence rights, respect for fidelity, and dignity. Protection of anonymity entails avoiding the creation of links between individual responses and the research subject’s identity. In cases where it is difficult for researchers to promise anonymity, confidentiality has to be addressed, which broadly entails private information management by researchers to protect the identity of the subject.
Research Topic: Technological Innovations in Crime Prevention and Policing. A Review of the Research on Implementation and Impact
Technological innovations and advancements have bolstered efforts to prevent crime compared to traditional crime control and prevention forms. There are two types of technological innovations identified; information-based technologies and material-based technologies (Byrne, & Marx, 2011). These technologies have revolutionized police technology by changing how police were organized and how they operated using available resources: automobiles, telephones, and the two-way radio. Since this research is on technology and social control, it focuses on some broader social and ethical implications of recent technological implications. Over the years, police activities have been shrouded with moral and ethical concerns. Technological interventions will transform policing and develop science strategies to increase police performance (Byrne, & Marx, 2011). Society needs police who can effectively and efficiently use technological resources to deliver justice. Nevertheless, technological resources can divert vital resources away from traditional crime prevention and police strategies that make society a lot safe without adversities such as increased public distrust, erosion of personal freedom, and emphasis on coercive control.
References
Byrne, J., & Marx, G. (2011). Technological innovations in crime prevention and policing. A review of the research on implementation and impact. Journal of Policy Studies, 20(3), 17-40.
Cowburn, M., Gelsthorpe, L., & Wahidin, A. (Eds.). (2016). Research ethics in criminology: Dilemmas, issues, and solutions. Taylor & Francis.
Ellis, T., & Nash, M. (2012). Crime control or due process?. In Debates in Criminal Justice: Key Themes and Issues (pp. 7-32). Routledge.
Jones, J. A. (2012). Ethical considerations in criminal justice research: Informed consent and confidentiality. Inquiries Journal, 4(08).
Rhodes, R. (2010). Rethinking research ethics. The American Journal of Bioethics, 10(10), 19-36.
